china daily 双语新闻：中国有哪七类利益集团(chinadaily双语新闻版app,官网下载)

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作者：邓聿文

Author: Deng Yuwen

既得利益已成为中国深化改革的严重障碍，这已成为常识。但要打破利益集团对改革的阻碍，从目前来看，却非常困难，连李克强总理都感叹“现在触动利益往往比触及灵魂还难”。这就需要我们对利益集团有一个客观的分析和判断。

Vested interest has become a serious obstacle to China's reform, it has become common sense. But to break the interest group on the reform of obstacles, from the current point of view, it is very difficult, even Premier Li Keqiang have lamented the "now more often than touch the soul also difficult to touch the interests". This requires that we have an objective analysis and judgment on interest group.

与西方的利益集团不同，中国的利益集团具有：(1)发展的不平衡性，(2)形态的模糊性和过渡性，(3)获利的非正常性和行为的表面合法性，(4)利益的排他性，(5)权力的至上性，及(6)缺乏法理的正当性等特点。我们可以简单地把中国的利益集团界定为对公共权力和资源享有支配权的部分人或社会阶层，为了维护自己共有的特殊利益而结成的利益共同体，或者利益联盟。

Different from the western interest groups, interest groups in China are: (1) the imbalance in development, (2) fuzzy and transitional form, (3) profit than normal and the behavior of surface legitimacy, (4) exclusive interests, (5) the supreme power, and (6) the lack of legitimacy, legal characteristics. We can simply take the Chinese interest groups is defined as the dominate part of people or social class of public power and resources, and form in order to safeguard their common interests or special interest community, benefit alliance.

中国的七类利益集团

Seven kinds of interest groups in China

奥尔森在《国家的兴衰》一书中指出，任何一个国家，只要有足够长时间的政治稳定，就会出现特殊利益集团，而且，它们会变得越来越明白、成熟、有技巧。

Olsen in "the rise and fall of the country" a book that, any country, political stability as long as there is enough long time, there will be special interest group, and, they will become more and more understand, mature, have the skills.

然后它们就会对这个国家最重要的公共政策，国家的经济发展、社会发展、政治机器，尤其是行政和法律，会越来越知道该怎样操纵，懂得在操纵时怎样找到好的理由。

And then they will be on the national public policy is the most important, the country's economic development, social development, and political machine, especially the administrative and legal, will be more and more know how to manipulate, know how to find good reasons in the operation.

由于他们的技巧越来越娴熟，因而获得的利益也就越来越持续、越多。最终慢慢导致这个国家的经济、社会、行政、法律等方面的体制、政策、组织，变成最符合特殊利益集团的安排，使得该国发展的新动力(310328,基金吧)越来越被抑制，各个部门越来越僵化，最终，导致国家的衰落。

Because of their more and more skillful techniques, so the benefits are more sustainable, more. Eventually led to the country's economic, social, administrative, legal and other aspects of the system, policy, organization, become the most consistent with special interest group arrangement, so that the development of new power (310328, fund it) is increasingly inhibited, each department is becoming more and more rigid, ultimately, lead to the decline of the state.

从中国来看，利益集团自改革以来尤其是近十多年来一直在发展壮大，既得利益者的身影处处可见，可以随便举几个例子。

From the Chinese point of view, the interest group since the reform especially in recent 10 years has been in the development and growth, the vested interest figure can be seen everywhere, you can just to name a few.

例如，水电系统，这是中国一个重要的利益集团，它强大到了不仅把中国的大江大河，而且连中等的江河，都圈过去，建电站大坝，每个项目都有几亿、几十亿、几百亿元的资金。

For example, hydropower system, which is an important interest groups in China, it is powerful to not only the Chinese rivers, and even the middle river, are the past, to build a power station dam, each project has hundreds of millions, billions, tens of billions of yuan of funds.

计生系统，这也是一个特殊利益集团。按照目前的人口发展规律，中国早就应该对实行了几十年的计生政策进行重大调整，可计生政策就是废除不了，原因不外乎在过去几十年中，计生系统已经造成了一个特殊利益集团全国至少有几十万人员，靠着“计划生育”当官、掌控钱权的。

Family planning system, which is also a special interest group. According to the population development of the current, China would have a decades-old one-child policy for a major adjustment, can birth control policy is not abolished, reason nothing else but in the past few decades, the family planning system has created a special interest group of the national at least some one hundred thousand personnel, relying on "family planning" officer, control the money right.

证券系统，也是一个既得利益深厚的集团。证监会的发审制度是三高(高发行价格、高市盈率和高超募额)、内幕交易等乱象的根源，但也就是改变不了，原因在于中国股市上有强大的利益集团，政府、交易所、监管机构、中介机构各方利益介入太深，涉及市场的方方面面。

Security system, but also a deep vested interest group. The SFC Fashen system is three high (high issue price, high P / E ratio and superb raise the amount of root), insider trading and other problems, but it is not change, the reason is that there are powerful interest group on the Chinese stock market, the government, exchanges, regulators, intermediaries in the interests of all parties involved in too deep, relates to the market all aspects of.

房地产系统，在房地产中，的利益集团是各级地方政府。地方政府通过高房价获得了大量的财政收入、GDP政绩、形象工程、政绩工程和寻租腐败机会。

The real estate system, in the real estate, the largest group of interest. The governments at all levels. The local government is getting a lot of fiscal revenue, GDP performance, image project, project of achievement in one's post and the rent-seeking corruption opportunities through high prices.

其次是银行等金融机构，通过房地产贷款等手段，从高房价中获得了高额利润。

The second is that banks and other financial institutions, through the real estate loans and other means, from the high prices to obtain high profits.

最后才是房地产开发商，它们通过与政府公权的结合，从高房价中获得了超额利润。

Finally, real estate developers, they combined with the right of government, from the high prices in the gain excess profit.

从学理上看，在中国，划分利益集团的标准至少应该涉及与权力的结合程度、占有资源的程度、代言人、规模与影响力、诉求及隔阂与差异等因素。因此，笔者提出判断既得利益者的三个标准。

From a theoretical point of view, in China, dividing the interest group standard should at least degree of binding, relates to and power resource extent, spokesperson, scale and influence, appeal and misunderstandings and differences and other factors. Therefore, the author puts forward three standards to judge the vested interest.

一是他们攫取了来自改革开放的大部分收益，并且将继续从改革开放中攫取更多收益;二是进一步的社会改革尤其是政治改革会损害其利益，因而他们对限权的政治改革持消极态度;

One of them grabbed most from the reform and opening up earnings, and will continue to get more benefits from the reform and opening up; two is to further social reform especially the political reform will damage their interests, so they hold negative attitude to the political reform;

三是他们也有很大的能量阻扰改革的进行，或者将改革从有形化为无形，或者将改革带来的危机和不利转嫁出去。假如一个集团如果同时符合这三条标准，可以称之既得利益者。

Three are they also have the energy block reform big, or will the reform from tangible to intangible, or will go out of the crisis and the adverse shift reform. If a group if you meet these three criteria, can be called the vested interest.

以此衡量，大致可把中国的既得利益者划分为七大类：

By that measure, can be roughly put China's vested interest is divided into seven categories:

第一类：强力政府部门及其官员;第二类：地方政府及其相关官员;第三类：国有垄断企业特别是央企和地方重要国企及其高管;第四类：跨国资本及其国内代理人，即俗称的“洋买办”;第五类是房地产开发商;第六类：大的民营企业和民营资本，包括民营房产商、煤老板等实业资本家和金融资本家;第七类：依附于上述各类利益集团之上的部分专家学者和专业人士。

The first class: strong government departments and officials; second categories: local government and its officials; third categories: state-owned monopoly enterprises especially the state-owned enterprises and local enterprises and their important executive; Fourth: transnational capital and domestic agents, commonly known as "foreign comprador"; fifth is the real estate developers; Sixth categories: Large private enterprises and private capital, including private real estate companies, coal bosses and other industrial capitalists and financial capitalists; seventh categories: attached to the above all kinds of interest group of experts and scholars and professionals.

上述七类利益集团还可进一步把他们归类，分为权贵资本利益集团，包括前述的一、二、三类，其组成人员是政府官员和国企高官。

The above seven kinds of interest groups can be further classify them, divided into crony capital interest groups, including the one or two, three, its members are government officials and officials of state-owned enterprises.

金融资本利益集团，包括前述的第四类和第六类一部分，其组成人员是“洋买办”、民营金融资本家;实业资本利益集团，包括前述的第五类一部分和第六类一部分，其组成人员是从事实业的民营企业家;知识资本利益集团，包括前述的第七类，其组成人员是专家学者和专业人士。他们基本囊括了中国的既得利益者，是中国改革的受益者。

Financial capital interest group, including a part of the fourth class and sixth class, its members are "foreign comprador", private financial capitalists; industrial capital interest group, a part of the fifth part and the sixth class, its members are engaged in the industry of private entrepreneur; knowledge capital interest group, including the seventh class, its members are experts and scholars and professionals. They include China's vested interest, is the biggest beneficiaries of Chinese reform.

那么，利益集团是如何形成的?正如一些学者所说，有些既得利益集团是计划经济时期遗留下来的变种;有些新的既得利益集团是在改革开放过程中形成的过渡体制中产生的;有些私人部门，包括部分外企，也是一种既得利益集团;有些投机主体则利用不健全的过渡体制形成了自己的既得利益。

Then, interest group is how to form? As some scholars said, some vested interest group is the legacy of the planned economy period variants; some new vested interest group is the transition system formed in the process of reform and opening up in the private sector; some, including some foreign companies, but also a vested interest group; some speculation subjects the transition system is not sound formed their own vested interest.

利益集团形成后，其最基本的维护利益的方式，是通过集体行动的力量，借助制度安排，来影响或左右政府决策，从而达到所追求的目标。但和一般的以权谋私不同，既得利益集团谋取利益和好处，虽然形式隐秘，却是通过合法的途径，其理由是上得了台面的。

After the formation of interest groups, the most basic safeguard the interests of the way, through the power of collective action, by means of institutional arrangements, to affect or influence government policy, so as to achieve the goal of. But unlike the general power, vested interest group interests and benefits, although the form of the secret, it is through the legal channels, the reason is got on the table.

因此，即使事后被察觉其意图，然因是合法的制度安排，无论是具体制定政策的官员还是背后的主张者，都可以不承担责任，没有政治风险。这是既得利益集团同贪污受贿的不同。

Therefore, even after being aware of their intentions, because the system arrangement is legitimate, whether specific policy officials or behind the advocate, can not bear the responsibility, no political risk. This is vested interest group with the biggest difference of corruption and bribery.

以央企和地方政府为例，央企拥有的各方面特权对民众生产的经济价值进行有利于自身的收入再分配，它是通过三种作用方式实现的：一是免费或低成本使用国有资源，如土地、矿产等;二是利用行政权力阻碍非国有经济的竞争，形成事实的垄断，制定垄断产品价格，获取垄断租金;三是以行政权力保证低成本的融资，如国有银行体制和对利率的管制保证央企能以低成本获取银行贷款，央企的资本市场特权能够保证其低成本的直接融资能力。

The central enterprises and local government as an example, is conducive to the redistribution of income in its economic value in all aspects of the central enterprises have privileges to people in production, it is realized through three ways: one is free or low cost use of state-owned resources, such as land, mineral and so on; two is the use of administrative power to block the non state-owned economy competition, formed the monopoly, monopoly price formulation, getting monopoly rent; three is the administrative authority to ensure low-cost financing, such as the state-owned banking system and control of interest rate that the central enterprises to obtain bank loans at low cost, the central enterprises to capital market privileges can ensure the low cost of direct financing ability.

地方政府则以中国的快速城市化进程为契机，利用其相当程度的地方经济发展自主权和国有土地制度，通过土地财政模式获取收益。

The local government to rapid city the process in China as an opportunity, to use its considerable local economic development of autonomy and the system of state-owned land, to obtain income through land financial model.

它的具体作用方式又有两种：一是掌控城市化进程中的土地供应，收取高额土地出让金和各类型房地产开发税收，进行城市基础设施建设，刺激地方经济发展，获得政治升迁，获取政治收益;二是在政府掌控的房地产开发和基础设施建设中，通过合法或者非法的方式获取经济利益，从而实现有利于其自身的收入再分配活动。这就是既得利益者的作用机理。

Methods the specific role it has two kinds: one is the control in the process of city land supply, charge high land leasing and various types of real estate tax, the city infrastructure construction, stimulating local economic development, political promotion, obtain political benefits; two is under government control of real estate development and foundation infrastructure, access to economic benefits through legal or illegal means, in order to achieve favorable for their own income redistribution activities. This action mechanism is vested interest person.